The Paradox of Horror: Why We Love To Be Afraid

Why do some people love to be afraid? Psychologists tell us we are pleasure-seeking and pain-avoiding creatures and yet many are drawn to scary movies and other hair-raising experiences:

Audience members of an effective horror film often appear to react in much the same way as they would if they were confronted with a terrifying and disgusting situation outside the theater. They grimace, cower, dig their nails into their armrests, cover their eyes, and plead in vain for someone to make it stop. When they leave…many of them speak of the experience they just had with great enthusiasm and express eagerness to return for more of the same.

We humans are a strange species indeed. Psychologists call the enjoyment of painful emotions like disgust and fear, the “paradox of horror.” It turns out happiness and horror can go hand in hand. This makes no sense at all…or does it?

Aristotle believed people are drawn to scary stuff because it provides a safe way to purge themselves of aggression and other negative emotions. A more modern interpretation is that artificially scary situations provide vicarious thrills, excitement, and an experience of being fully alive. Certainly some people are more arousal seeking than others and these adrenaline junkies are typically the same types who love roller coasters and bungee jumping. (Full disclosure: I would rather watch paint dry than sit through a Chuckie or Freddy Krueger film.)

Watching a scary film can also be a bonding experience and cultivate connections between moviegoers for “surviving” the horror together. Fright facilitates canoodling and removes barriers that might otherwise inhibit close physical contact. A scary moment is the best excuse to grab someone’s hand or literally jump into their lap. Perhaps this helps explain why scary movies are so popular with couples on date nights.

While there may be benefits to facing one’s fears in a horror movie, a study showed how watching a scary movie impacts subsequent decision-making. In the study, they showed half of the participants horror movies while the other half watched documentaries about Vincent Van Gogh and Benjamin Franklin.

Afterwards, they were all asked to participate in a stock market simulation experiment. Those who watched horror movies were far more likely to sell early. The belief is that a scary experience triggered lingering fear and that this fear was projected onto decisions later on.

Arthur Conan Doyle famously said:

“Where there is no imagination – there is no horror.”

Just don’t let your imagination run away with you.

I wish you all the best,

Dr. Samantha Boardman

Are People Out to Get You?

“Do you ever feel that people are out to get you?”

I ask new patients this question. I am trying to assess whether the person has paranoid ideation—an exaggerated belief that they are being harassed or treated unfairly. A paranoid person might interpret a seemingly benign as confirmation that they are being targeted. Bird poop landing on their head is proof of a conspiracy.

Paranoid ideation may suggest something serious like schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, especially when it is observed in combination with additional odd or unusual thoughts. That said, there are many people who feel like the universe is conspiring against them who do not suffer from a serious mental illness. They may simply be pessimists or, as they call themselves, realists.  

Sometimes people feel this way when they are stressed out or feeling overwhelmed. When each day seems like a game of Wac-a-mole, it is easy to become defensive or take things personally. Every negative experience is seen as further evidence that the world is a hostile place full of selfish people. Even an ambiguous interaction or incident gets interpreted negatively. Daily stress reduces willingness to give someone the benefit of the doubt. If the barista doesn’t put enough milk in their latte, she is incompetent. If a spouse forgets to pick up the laundry, he is self-centered.  

It’s a slippery slope. When someone thinks this way, it is challenging to convince them otherwise. Every rain drop is a personal affront. As one patient put it, “it’s me against the world.”

For those who are stuck in a me-versus-the-world mindset, I have found it is sometimes helpful for them to imagine an entirely different orientation. Instead of paranoia, I ask them to consider the concept of “pronoia”—the unshakable belief that others are out to help them. It’s a fundamental belief in the goodness in others and in the world.

Pronoia may be detrimental if taken too literally, but overall, it is a useful concept. I find it is most helpful when we use it, not to challenge beliefs about ourselves, but when we use it to challenge the way we view others. It is tempting to assume negative intent and that people do not wish us well. As children, we learn not to trust other people and to guard against being taken advantage of or harmed by malicious strangers.  These feelings are amplified when we are stressed out and in survival mode. For most of us, our default mode is to assume the worst.

As a child, I assumed the worst about the nurse who worked in my pediatrician’s office. She was the one who gave me shots. I am told that I bit her on one occasion (I swear I don’t recall) so I imagine she wasn’t particularly fond of me either. In my mind, she was a heartless and cruel woman who loved jabbing needles into the bony upper arms of defenseless sweet children like me. Looking back, I recognize that her hostility was probably all in my head.   

Studies show that how we read other people’s intentions shapes our experience of the world. When we assume negative intent, as I did with the nurse, our experience is far more unpleasant than when we perceive that they wish us well.  

A study by University of Maryland’s Kurt Gray underscores the power of perception: in the study, entitled The Power of Good Intentions, three groups were given identical unpleasant electric shocks by a person they were paired with. The first group was told that the shock was by accident and beyond their partner’s awareness. The second group was told that they were being shocked on purpose but for no reason. The third group was told that they were being shocked on purpose because another person was trying to help them win money. Those in this third group experienced significantly less pain than those in the other two groups.

Assuming positive intent has implications beyond this experiment and my interactions with a pediatric nurse. As Gray explains:

To the extent that we view others as benevolent instead of malicious, the harms they inflict upon us should hurt less, and the good things they do for us should cause more pleasure…Stolen parking places cut less deep when we think well of others.”

I wish I had known this years ago. The shots from the pediatric nurse might have hurt less and I probably wouldn’t have bitten her. 

Yes, life is definitely a little better when we assume positive intent. Pepsi Chairman and CEO Indra Nooyi underscores the benefits of this mindset in the workplace and beyond:

My father was an absolutely wonderful human being. From him I learned to always assume positive intent. Whatever anybody says or does, assume positive intent. You will be amazed at how your whole approach to a person or problem becomes very different. When you assume negative intent, you’re angry. If you take away that anger and assume positive intent, you will be amazed. 

Go ahead and amaze yourself.

I wish you all the best,

Dr. Samantha Boardman

Kerry Diamond

Bringing food and fashion together, co-founder of Cherry Bombe, Kerry Diamond, dishes on the gorgeous new cookbook, pet peeves, favorite works of art and fictional crushes. 

Q & A With Dr. Boardman: How To Mend A Broken Heart

Q: A recent breakup has left me struggling to move on. How do I get to a stronger place besides waiting it out?

Breakups are painful. In fact, a study by researchers at Columbia University and the University of Michigan showed that the regions of the brain activated by physical pain are the very same areas activated by the emotional pain of a failed relationship. The scientists concluded, “These results give new meaning to the idea that rejection hurts.”

While there is no quick fix for a broken heart, there are strategies that might help. In a series of experiments, Harvard Business School researchers Michael Norton and Francesca Gino revealed that people who engage in rituals—for example, burning photos—recover more quickly and report feeling better than those who don’t.

Whatever ritual you choose, make it deliberate, intentional, and actionable. The key is to engage in a behavior and take control, which mitigates sadness and increases well-being. Just believing that you are doing something to help yourself feel better will, in fact, help you feel better. You (and your brain) will be in less pain.

This article originally appeared in Marie Claire.

I wish you all the best,

Dr. Samantha Boardman

No More Howling At The Moon: A Popular Myth Debunked

Ideas about the moon’s influence on human beings are ancient and widespread, so much so that even a majority of health professionals consider lunar cycles a significant factor in mental health.  There are stories from all over the world about strange and fantastic things that happen during the full moon beyond the bristling fur and snarling maw of the werewolf. In fact, the words “lunacy” and “lunatic” have the same etymological root as “lunar.”

Werewolf jokes aside, a study from researchers in Quebec, Canada, claims to debunk the myth that the full moon has an affect on people’s psychology and behavior. Scientists evaluated patients at a hospital in Montreal who came to the emergency room with the same complaint: unexplainable chest pains.  Many of these patients also had a history of panic attacks, anxiety conditions, or mood disorders, but when incidences of their problems were compared to a lunar calendar, the researchers could not establish a link.  Patients were no more or less likely to suffer from psychological imbalances when the moon was full than when it was a mere sliver or completely invisible.

The study’s director, Dr. Genevieve Belleville, hopes to re-characterize this folk wisdom as a “misperception” that “could, on the one hand, color [health professionals’] judgment during the full moon phase; or on the other hand, make them less attentive to psychological problems that surface during the remainder of the month.”

It isn’t completely ridiculous to believe that the moon influences our lives, even if we aren’t sprouting hair and dodging silver bullets once a month. We know the moon’s gravitational pull is responsible for the movement of our oceans’ tides and some scientific research shows there may be a relationship between the lunar cycle and earthquakes. Still, the Quebecois scientists’ point is clear: leave the great silver orb to her night sky and focus your attention here on earth.

I wish you all the best,

Dr. Samantha Boardman

Bevy Smith

The Page Six TV host cuts to the chase in signature style — work hard, look forward, be kind and don’t underestimate the power of six-inch heels.